Family Law Articles & Advice

Couples struggling to achieve parenthood can look to international surrogacy to achieve their dream. Our family lawyers advise on international surrogacy arrangements, provide preliminary advice on matters to consider before embarking on international surrogacy, and represent parents in parental order applications. Call Evolve Family Law or complete our online enquiry form for international surrogacy advice. International surrogacy and the law Under UK law, a surrogate mother is the legal mother of a child born through surrogacy. That is the case even where there is a genetic link between the baby and the intended mother or father. This UK law applies even if the baby is born through international surrogacy. International surrogacy can throw up complicated family law issues as well as immigration and nationality issues for the baby. However, many families still opt to use international surrogacy because: The availability of overseas surrogates compared to the UK. Heritage reasons, as one or both parents originated from the surrogate's country of birth. Intended parents don’t realise how complicated international surrogacy and immigration law is. Often, intended parents choose international surrogacy for a combination of all three reasons. At Evolve Family Law, our specialist surrogacy solicitors provide expert international surrogacy advice so parents have a clearer understanding of the legal requirements and the timescale to return to the UK with their child. International surrogacy contracts In the UK, surrogacy arrangements are not enforceable as a contract between the surrogate mother and the intended parents. Different laws apply to surrogacy agreements in other countries. However, even if a surrogacy agreement is legally enforceable in the country where the surrogate mother lives, the intended parents cannot bring court proceedings to enforce it in the UK. International surrogacy and immigration     If a child is born to a surrogate mother who is not a British citizen, then complex surrogacy and immigration law will determine the nationality of the child. Those rules will also determine if and how the child can enter the UK. The child’s nationality and immigration status may depend on whether the intended father is genetically linked to the child and whether the surrogate mother is legally married or not. If you are contemplating international surrogacy, it is vital that you take expert legal advice from children and surrogacy law solicitors, as well as advice from immigration law experts. [related_posts] International surrogacy and parental orders Under UK children law, a child born to a surrogate mother is the legal child of the surrogate mother. Intended parents can apply to the family court for a parental order. This order extinguishes the legal rights of the surrogate mother and makes the intended parents the child’s legal parents. Once the parental order is made, the intended parents have parental responsibility for the child. Requirements for a parental order The Human Fertilisation & Embryology Act 2008 sets out the requirements for a parental order: The child must be carried by a surrogate who is not an intended parent. The surrogate (and her spouse, where relevant) must consent to the order. The consent must be unconditional and given at least six weeks after the child’s birth. The surrogate can only have received reasonable expenses for acting as a surrogate. At least one of the intended parents must have a genetic link to the child. The parental order applicants must be at least 18 years old. The application must be made within six months of the child’s birth. The child must have a home with the applicants at the time of the parental order application. One or both applicants must be UK domiciled. The law now says that applicants for a parental order can be single or couples. Joint applicants must be married, in a civil partnership, or in an enduring family relationship. The court defines enduring relationships broadly. Questions about parental order requirements Many intended parents have questions about the parental order requirements, such as: Can I be domiciled in the UK if I am not a British citizen? Can I apply for a parental order in the UK if I have Indefinite Leave to Remain or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme? Can parental consent be dispensed with? When is a surrogate mother’s spouse’s consent required for the making of a parental order? What does the child having a home with the parental order applicants mean? How does that apply to situations where the baby has been living overseas and is awaiting UK entry clearance? What happens if the baby is over six months old at the parental order application date? What are reasonable expenses for a surrogate? What happens if the court thinks the payments made to the surrogate were excessive? Our UK surrogacy lawyers can answer your questions on surrogacy law and parental order requirements. Although the Act sets out the requirements, our family solicitors' advice is based on extensive caselaw, where family judges have widely interpreted the meaning of a home or enduring family relationship or dispensed with the requirement that the baby must be under the age of six months at the date of the application. Reasonable expenses have also been the subject of judicial caselaw. Expenses can include loss of earnings during the surrogate’s pregnancy, medical costs, pregnancy-related purchases, and expenditures related to the pregnancy, such as extra travel or dietary costs. Call Evolve Family Law or complete our online enquiry form for international surrogacy advice. Special considerations in international surrogacy arrangements There have been several parental order applications that have come before the court, where it has been evident to the family judge that the applicants had not taken expert advice before going ahead with the surrogacy arrangement. This led to all sorts of complexities with surrogacy law in the overseas country, the nationality of the baby, entry clearance and British nationality for the child, as well as the process taking substantially longer and being more complicated than the intended parents had contemplated. Concerns about intended parents not realising what they are getting themselves into have led to judges in three court cases drawing up a list of things for intended parents to consider when contemplating international surrogacy. The fact that the list now runs to 21 points emphasises how many issues there are for intended parents to consider when contemplating international surrogacy. The simplified 21 points from the three court cases are: What is the relevant legal framework in the country where the surrogacy arrangement is due to take place and where the child is to be born? Is surrogacy legal in the overseas country? When the child is born, will the intended parents be recognised as parents in the overseas country? Is that through the law in the country, or will the intended parents need to take legal steps before or after the child's birth? What is the surrogate mother’s legal status to the child at birth? If the surrogate is married at the time of the embryo transfer and/or when the child is born, what is her spouse’s legal status in relation to the child? If an agency is involved, what role will it play in matching the surrogate with the intended parents? What information, preparation or support has the surrogate had about the proposed surrogacy arrangement? Does the surrogate speak or read English? If not, what arrangements are in place to enable her to understand the surrogacy agreement? Will the intended parents and the surrogate have contact before deciding whether to proceed with a surrogacy arrangement? When will the agreement between the intended parents and surrogate be made, before or after the embryo transfer, and what are the reasons for it being at that time? What arrangements are proposed for contact between the intended parents and the surrogate during the pregnancy and/or after the birth? Which jurisdiction will the embryo transfer occur in, and which jurisdiction will the surrogate live in during pregnancy? Can the jurisdiction where the child is to be born be changed at any stage? If so, by whom and in what circumstances? What nationality will the child have at birth? What steps will need to be taken for the child to travel to the UK? What travel paperwork will be required, and how long will it take to get it? Do the intended parents need immigration advice on getting UK entry clearance for the child so the baby can enter the UK? What is the child’s immigration status after arriving in the UK? Will the intended parents keep a diary of chronological events and relevant documents to help with the parental order application and provide information about the child’s background and identity? Will discussions need to take place with departments such as the Home Department (HD), Department of Education (DfE) and/or Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC)? If proceedings are issued in the family court, should the HD, DfE, and/or DHSC be added as a party to the parental order application? What estate planning steps have been taken by the intended parents (before and after a parental order is made) regarding the child's future welfare? What steps have been taken by the intended parents regarding future care and financial arrangements for the child in the event of the incapacity of one (or both) of the intended parents? What steps have been taken by the intended parents in respect of future care and financial arrangements for the child in the event of the death of one (or both) of the intended parents? You may think that the final three questions about international surrogacy jar with the first 18 questions. That’s because those final three points were raised in the case of K & Anor v Z & Anor [2025], where estate planning and the child’s future care were welfare issues for consideration as the applicants were 72 years of age when applying for a parental order following a Californian surrogacy arrangement. If you want to read all three court cases and the full judicial wording of the 21 issues for consideration, the court cases are: Re Z (Foreign Surrogacy) [2024] EWFC 304 and Re Z (Unlawful Foreign Surrogacy: Adoption) [2025] EWHC 339 (Fam) K & Anor v Z & Anor [2025] EWHC 927 (Fam) (16 April 2025) Evolve Family Law Evolve Family Law is a niche firm of family law solicitors with substantial expertise in children and surrogacy law. If you are contemplating a surrogacy arrangement, either in the UK or abroad, our experts can advise you on your options and help you apply for a parental order. Call Evolve Family Law or complete our online enquiry form for international surrogacy advice.

It’s bad enough to separate or divorce, but even harder to go through a shareholder dispute as well. Northwest divorce lawyers recognise that if you are in business with your husband or wife, you may face a shareholder dispute and financial proceedings over your divorce settlement. In this article, financial solicitor Robin Charrot answers your questions on shareholder disputes with your former partner during divorce proceedings. Robin can help you reach a financial agreement over how your family assets are divided and specialises in financial settlements involving family businesses. For expert family law advice, call our team of specialist divorce lawyers or complete our online enquiry form. Your frequently asked questions on family businesses in financial  proceedings Whether you own shares in a family business, jointly operate the business with your spouse, or rely on the income generated from the business without playing a part in it, you will have questions about the business if you and your spouse separate, such as: Are business assets relevant to divorce proceedings? What happens if business assets are not disclosed in financial proceedings? What happens when spouses are shareholders in a family business? Can a divorced couple agree to continue in business together? Can I ringfence business assets so they are irrelevant in divorce proceedings? Role of a shareholder agreement in divorce proceedings Valuing a business in a shareholder dispute or divorce proceedings At Evolve Family Law, our family lawyers have acted for spouses in a wide range of financial proceedings involving family businesses, from start-ups to multi-generational firms. We have the experience to help you whether you are the majority shareholder, minority shareholder,  employed by the business, or not involved in the company. Financial settlements involving a family business can be complicated as they raise complex issues, such as whether the business is a family asset, how it is valued or whether its current income stream is maintainable. Our legal experts have the expertise to guide you through financial proceedings involving a family business with all the complicating corporate, employment, and tax issues. Are business assets relevant to divorce proceedings? Business assets are potentially relevant to a financial settlement. They must therefore be disclosed in your financial disclosure. The rules on financial disclosure of business assets in divorce apply to all types of businesses, including: Companies Partnerships Limited liability partnerships. Sole traders. If you own shares in a family business, are a partner in a partnership or LLP or are a sole trader, you must disclose your business interests as part of your financial disclosure. Your finance solicitor can then make the case for you to say that your business is irrelevant to the financial settlement and its value should be ignored. Arguing that a business is not a family asset can be based on these arguments: Your prenuptial agreement said the value of your business would be ignored in any financial settlement. The marriage was of very short duration. You inherited, purchased, or developed the business before marriage. Your spouse signed a postnuptial agreement that said the business would not be considered in the financial settlement. Shares are held in a discretionary trust, and you are one of several beneficiaries. Whatever argument your divorce solicitor recommends is put forward on your behalf, providing complete and frank financial disclosure of all personal and business assets is crucial. A finance lawyer will prepare your Form E financial disclosure and advise on how best to present your disclosure and your best case to argue that your business should be ring-fenced and excluded from the negotiated financial settlement or financial court order. What happens if business assets are not disclosed in financial proceedings? You need to disclose your business assets, whether you are involved in financial court proceedings or negotiating a settlement through: Direct discussions with your spouse. Solicitor negotiations. Roundtable meeting. Family mediation. Family arbitration. If you do not disclose business assets and they are discovered after a financial court order is made by agreement or after a court hearing, your spouse can ask the court to reopen the case and award them a share of the business assets or more of the non-business assets. Failure to disclose or inadequate financial disclosure leaves you open to: Risk of further court proceedings. Costs orders. Ending up paying your former spouse more than they would have been given at the final hearing of a financial application. For example, if the business substantially increases in value after the conclusion of the divorce proceedings. If your spouse or their divorce lawyer discovers the existence of a business or other asset during the court-imposed financial disclosure process, this can lead to: Your spouse asking the court to order additional financial disclosure. The extra disclosure may not have been ordered if you had not raised suspicion by failing to provide financial disclosure. Your spouse asking the court to order that a forensic accountant be instructed to forensically consider the accounts and advise on a business valuation and liquidity. Your spouse asking the court to draw inferences about your honesty because of your business non-disclosure. Your spouse asking the court to order that a third party, such as the company or the trustees of a discretionary trust, be joined as an intervenor in the proceedings. What happens when spouses are shareholders in a family business? Divorce financial settlement solicitors say family law trumps company or corporate law because even if your husband or wife owns a 50% shareholding in the company, the family court can order the sale or transfer of shares in the financial proceedings. Working in the same business environment can be particularly tough if you are getting divorced. It’s best to keep business and private stuff separate, if possible, so the business isn’t affected by your separation. It’s unlikely to be in either of your interests for the business to suffer if you struggle to work together until a financial settlement is reached. [related_posts] Can a divorced couple agree to continue in business together? A divorcing couple can decide to remain in business together after their divorce. The marriage may have ended, but you may be good business partners. To reduce the risk of conflict and litigation (either family or corporate), you need: A financial court order in financial proceedings. A shareholder agreement if your business is a company. A partnership or LLP agreement if you are in business as a partnership. You should not rely on pre-separation corporate documents, as changes may be necessary. For example: A new dividend policy so your former spouse cannot stop your dividend income unless clearly defined circumstances are met. A new shareholder agreement to set out revised share voting or other rights. These documents can ensure the success of your future business relationship with your former spouse. For example, the agreement could say that if your spouse remains employed by the company as the managing director, he cannot, as the majority shareholder, increase his salary from £60,000 to £200,000. The effect of this salary decision could change the amount of dividend income you receive. Can I ringfence business assets so they are irrelevant in divorce proceedings? You can try to ringfence your business assets so they are irrelevant to the financial proceedings by signing a prenuptial or postnuptial agreement. The weight given to this type of family agreement will depend on a variety of factors, including whether: There was financial disclosure of the business as part of the prenuptial or postnuptial agreement process. Your spouse’s reasonable needs can be met through a financial settlement from the available family assets. For example, suppose the family assets are 12 million, and your spouse says their reasonable needs are 7 million after a short, childless, high-net-worth marriage. In that case, you can argue that your business assets, with an additional value of 15 million, should be ringfenced and ignored. Why? Even if the court agrees that your spouse needs 7 million, the money can be found from the available family assets that have been valued at 12 million. Role of a shareholder agreement in divorce proceedings If you divorce, your shareholder agreement may say your husband or wife must transfer their shares to you for £1. That does not mean your spouse will not get a fair financial settlement or a proportion of the family business. If you want to protect your business after marriage, you need a postnuptial agreement consistent with your shareholder agreement's wording.  If you are unmarried but plan to do so, you need a prenuptial agreement. Our prenuptial agreement and postnuptial agreement lawyers can work with your corporate solicitors and business advisors to ensure that the family agreement tries to ringfence your business assets and is consistent with your new shareholder agreement. Valuing a business in a shareholder dispute or divorce proceedings Valuing a business in a shareholder dispute or financial proceedings usually involves the instruction of a forensic accountant. The accountant is typically asked to consider: The value of your shareholding or partnership. The net value after the tax implications of a sale or transfer. The potential income stream if you continue holding business shares. The fact that a family court orders a business valuation doesn’t mean that the court will order the sale of the business. In most cases, the court will want to know the net value of the shareholding so it has an idea of the total extent of the family assets and any non-family assets. The court can then use that information to make a financial court order after weighing all the statutory factors to reach what the court considers a fair financial settlement. Contact Evolve Family Law for expert family law advice.

When you are divorcing and you or your spouse runs a business or has shares in a family firm, you need to know if the business is relevant to the divorce settlement and how it will be valued. Our North West divorce solicitors specialise in negotiating financial settlements where one or both spouses own a family business. In this blog, we answer your questions on business assets in divorce proceedings and how you value company shares in divorce. For expert family law advice, call our team of specialist divorce lawyers or complete our online enquiry form. Your frequently asked questions on business assets in divorce proceedings   Divorcing couples ask these questions when they or their spouse has business assets: Can the divorce court decide what happens to a business? Will company law and the shareholder agreement determine what happens to the shares in a family business? Are business assets relevant to divorce proceedings? How are businesses valued in divorce proceedings? Can the company accountant value the business in divorce proceedings? Is the book value of a business an acceptable valuation of a business asset in divorce proceedings? How are minority interests in family companies valued in divorce proceedings? What is the relevant date to value a company shareholding? Can a shareholder in a family business be forced to sell their shares as part of a financial court order? What happens to a family business when both spouses are shareholders in a family business?  At Evolve Family Law, our family lawyers can answer all your business-related financial settlement questions, whether you own a family business or are married to someone who is either a sole trader, in partnership or a majority or minority shareholder in a family business. Can the divorce court decide what happens to a business? The divorce court can decide what happens to business assets in a divorce. The court will consider: Is the business a family asset? What is the value of the business? What is a fair financial settlement? If the spouse’s shareholding is not classed as a family asset, the court will only include it in the financial court order if necessary to meet the needs of a spouse. If a spouse’s reasonable needs can be met without reference to the business asset, its value will be ignored. In divorce proceedings concerning a family business, the judge can order: The spouse who owns the business asset retains it as part of their share of the family wealth. The shares in a family company are sold, and the sale proceeds are divided in the proportions ordered by the judge. The shares in the family company are transferred from one spouse to the other.  If one spouse is the only one actively involved in the family business, the court will normally order that the spouse retain ownership of their shares. However, the other spouse may receive all the equity in the family home, a lump sum payment, spousal maintenance, or a combination of these. If one spouse is a minority shareholder and the other a majority shareholder, the court may order the minority shareholder to transfer their shares in the company to their spouse. If the divorcing couple can still work together in the business and want to continue joint ownership, the court could leave both spouses with shares in the company. This scenario is unusual unless the couple asks the divorce court to make an agreed financial consent order. Will company law and the shareholder agreement determine what happens to the shares in a family business? Spouses sometimes assume that the divorce court lacks jurisdiction to decide what happens to a business in divorce proceedings. For example, if a husband and wife are the major and minor shareholders in a company and are in a shareholder dispute. Logically, you would assume that the dispute is a matter of corporate law. It is and it isn't. If one spouse starts proceedings in the commercial court under the Companies Act 2006, the judge has jurisdiction to resolve the corporate dispute.  However, if the husband or wife initiates financial proceedings because they cannot reach a divorce settlement, the family court has wide-ranging discretion to make orders, including orders over business assets. Therefore, it wastes time and money for a shareholder dispute between a divorcing husband and wife to be litigated first in the commercial court using corporate law principles when the family court can decide how to divide assets, including the business, using the principles contained in Section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973. Are business assets relevant to divorce proceedings? Business assets are relevant to divorce proceedings. The judge will decide if they are: A matrimonial or family asset, or A non-matrimonial or non-family asset. If deemed a family asset, the business is relevant to the divorce settlement. If it is classed as a non-matrimonial asset, its value could be considered if it is necessary to do so to meet the reasonable needs of the spouse who does not own the business. How are businesses valued in divorce proceedings? Business assets must be disclosed as part of the Form E financial disclosure process. In Form E, a spouse is asked to value their business and other assets. The other spouse may agree on the valuation. If so, an accountant doesn’t need to carry out a valuation. A business valuation may be agreed in scenarios such as: The spouse works freelance and their earnings are paid into their company account. There are no valuable business assets and no goodwill value. The business is valued at the amount of cash in the bank. The husband and wife are shareholders in a company, and an offer for purchase has been accepted from a third party unconnected to either spouse. In other situations, the court may be asked to order an independent valuation of a sole trader's business, a partnership interest, or a company shareholding. The court typically orders the instruction of a forensic joint accountant as a single joint expert. Both parties instruct the expert and agree to the terms of the letter of instruction. The court will typically specify the scope of the expert's report, for example, whether the expert is to assess company liquidity in addition to providing a valuation. Can the company accountant value the business in divorce proceedings? A company accountant can provide the Form E value for the business. If additional information is necessary, the court may be persuaded that a detailed valuation by the company accountant is more appropriate than the instruction of a forensic accountant with no prior knowledge of the business. The approach taken by the court will depend on the size and structure of the company, as well as the representations made on behalf of both spouses. For example, one spouse may claim that the majority shareholder heavily influences the company's accountants. You might also be interested in [relate_posts] Is the book value of a business an acceptable valuation of a business asset in divorce proceedings? The book value of a business can be an acceptable valuation for certain types of small businesses, such as a company set up by a freelancer to channel their income through, and the business has no goodwill value or significant assets. A divorce solicitor can explain the valuation options and why you may need a more detailed valuation of your spouse’s shareholding or partnership interest. How are minority interests in family companies valued in divorce proceedings? If a spouse is a minority shareholder in a family business, special consideration needs to be given to the value of the shares. The shares may not be attractive to a third party, who would be buying shares in a business where they have no control or power to veto.  The professional conducting the valuation will generally apply a discount to a minority shareholding, depending on the percentage shareholding and the degree of control, if any, the minority shareholder has. The value of a minority shareholding should be examined carefully. For example, minority shareholding may not be heavily discounted in a company with significant cash reserves. What is the relevant date to value a company shareholding? Sometimes, spouses and their lawyers argue about the date to be used for valuing the shares in a company, as the fairness of the financial settlement may depend on the valuation date. For example, a forensic accountant may be asked to value company shares at: The date of separation, and The date of cohabitation or marriage, and The date the company shares were transferred or gifted to a husband or wife. The importance of business asset valuation dates was explored in the Court of Appeal case of Martin v Martin (Rev 1) [2018] EWCA Civ 2866. The Martin case illustrates the complexity of valuing shares in a non-listed company. A high court judge awarded Mrs Martin 40% of the 182 million family fortune. Mrs Martin appealed, saying she should have got 50%. Mr Martin counter-appealed, arguing that his ex-wife should have received less than 40% of the assets. The crux of the appeal was the relevance of the value of Mr Martin's shares when the couple began to live together. The court concluded that it was fair to assess the value of the shares at the date of cohabitation and, therefore, ringfence the value of the husband's pre-marriage-acquired shares. This resulted in Mrs Martin receiving 40% rather than an equal division of the family assets. The court said that a financial settlement ‘’ involves a holistic, necessarily retrospective, appraisal of all the facts and then the application of a subjective conception of fairness, overlaid by a legal analysis.’’ That subjective approach makes it even more critical for spouses to seek early specialist legal advice from divorce solicitors experienced in divorces involving family businesses and in assessing what a court is likely to determine as a fair financial settlement. Consult Evolve Family Law for advice on divorce and business assets The specialist divorce lawyers, led by Robin Charrot, have substantial experience representing spouses, civil partners, business owners and non-business owners in financial proceedings involving businesses ranging from SMEs to listed companies. With many years of experience advising on business assets in divorce, our team is well-equipped to hone in on the key aspects. That could be tracing vital financial disclosure, analysing company accounts or instructing a shadow accountant to assess the relevance of the transfer of business assets into a SIPP pension and leaseback at an overvalue to the company, impacting company profitability at the time of the divorce proceedings, or spotting unusual movements or discrepancies in director loan accounts. Alternatively, when acting for a majority shareholder, it could be robustly arguing against fishing expeditions for excessive financial disclosure or arguing for the instruction of the single joint expert to be limited to current issues rather than their remit extending to a historical trawl of company transactions. At Evolve, we combine expertise with a personal touch, providing strategic advice tailored to your family and business circumstances, as well as robust court representation. For expert family law advice, call our team of specialist divorce lawyers or complete our online enquiry form.

Our North West divorce solicitors can help you cope with your divorce and advise you on the legal issues that come with a separation. In this article, we look at divorce coping strategies. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your separation. The challenges faced with a separation or divorce Divorce not only presents emotional challenges but also financial and practical ones. They can be hard to deal with when your emotions are all over the place or you are struggling to cope with your child's or your parents’ reaction to your decision to separate and start divorce proceedings. Some divorce challenges are: Coping with the emotions of a separation when your ex-partner announces the relationship is over, having spent months planning their exit and then wondering why you aren’t coping as well as they are. Children viewing things very rigidly, thinking you are to blame for them not seeing Dad and not realising why staying together as a couple is not tenable. Worrying about parenting arrangements and whether you will get to see the children. Concern about how finances will work post-separation, as you jointly agreed that you would be a stay-at-home parent, and your career prospects have suffered. Feeling brow-beaten about matters such as agreeing to put the family home up for sale when you need time to acclimatise to the news that your spouse wants to end the marriage. Facing the challenges of divorce Government statistics show us that you are not alone in having to cope with the traumas involved in separation and divorce. In 2024 alone, 108,657 divorce applications were made, and 105,449 final divorce orders were granted. These figures come from the Family Court Statistics Quarterly: October to December 2024, updated in April 2025. Strategies to cope with divorce Coping with divorce involves finding strategies that work for you and your family. We have compiled tips gathered over the 30-plus years that some of our divorce lawyers have been advising separating couples. It isn’t a case of following the list and you will cope – some may not be appropriate for you or your family, and others may need to be tweaked to fit your situation. Here are the top ten Evolve Family Law strategies to cope with divorce: Tell people what’s happening; they can't help unless they know. Don’t be wary of getting professional or medical help if needed. Telling your employer that you are getting divorced isn't necessarily a bad thing. Don’t focus so much on what your children need that there is nothing left in the tank to help you cope. Talk to a divorce solicitor to understand your rights and options, but don’t feel pressurised into starting divorce proceedings until you are ready to do so. Get organised so you know what you need to do. Prioritise the crucial bits, like your safety, rather than attempting to do everything at once. Take your own counsel and don’t be influenced by what friends and family think you should do. Reflect on what you and your children need and want rather than rushing into decision-making. Reality test your post-separation plans. [related_posts] Tell people what's happening If you split up and your ex leaves the family home, the children may act up, and you may no longer have help from your ex-partner with child care. School may be able to support the children, and friends and family can rally round if you tell people what is happening. Get medical help Whether it is a referral for counselling as a family, couple or solo, or a short dose of medication, medical help is not something to avoid as it can help you as a family or as an individual cope with the separation and its aftermath. Talk to your employer. An employer may be worried that you are planning to leave because your performance has dipped, but if you explain your change in circumstances, they may be more understanding of the reasons why you are temporarily struggling to concentrate at work or agree to requests for flexible working. Focus on your needs as well as the needs of your children Dealing with your child’s emotions or sorting out the practical aspects of your separation can leave you with little or no time to grieve the loss of your relationship and the implications for you. Moving to life as a single parent is a significant life change, even if friends and family are supportive, so you need to factor in some ‘me time’ for yourself. Consult a divorce solicitor. Talking to a divorce solicitor in an initial consultation does not commit you to proceeding with divorce proceedings, but it will give you an idea of your rights and obligations as well as your options. For example, even if your name isn't on the title deeds to the family home, a divorce lawyer is likely to recommend that you stay at the property while they negotiate a financial settlement for you. Get organised A family lawyer will explain the paperwork you need to obtain to help them advise you on the type of financial settlement to expect. For example, they will need details of all previous employers and personal pension schemes. The important bits The aspects of your separation that require prioritisation will depend on your circumstances. Ideally, you will be able to start no-fault divorce proceedings using our one-lawyer amicable divorce service. However, you may need urgent injunction advice to keep you safe or a prohibited steps order to protect your children from being taken overseas by their other parent. Take your own counsel Friends and family can be great at getting you through the traumatic early days of your separation, but remember that your views are important when it comes to matters such as whether you should try to stay in the family home or agree to co-parenting arrangements that broadly suit your needs and those of your children. Reflect rather than rush It is possible to have such a thing as a good divorce. Basically, that’s a divorce where you work together to sort out child parenting arrangements and the practical aspects of your separation, such as whether your ex will continue to pay the mortgage if they rent while the property is on the market. Taking a measured approach to negotiations can help you navigate a financial settlement without asking a judge to make a child arrangement order or a contested financial court order. Reality testing You may be sure that you want the children to have alternate weekend contact or want to stay in the family home, but it's best to spend the time to reality test your plans. For example, with limited co-parenting, most of the childcare will fall to you, limiting your work options. Child maintenance rules may not provide the financial support you need if your priority is to stay in the family home rather than downsize. Looking critically at the potential for mortgage rates to rise and outgoings to increase, is staying at the family home a viable option? Divorce support from a North West divorce lawyer Coping with divorce can be made easier with the right help and support. That can be provided through a combination of friends and family and professionals such as therapists, your doctor or your divorce solicitor to help you navigate the emotional, practical and legal aspects of your separation and divorce. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your separation. Evolve Family Law offices are in Whitefield, North Manchester, and Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, but we also offer remote meetings by appointment via video call or telephone.  

If a member of the extended family gives money to a husband or wife during their relationship, the money is undoubtedly very welcome at the time of the gift or loan. When a couple splits up, family gifts or loans can complicate things. There may be a dispute over whether the money was a gift or a loan and how the gift or loan should be treated in the divorce and financial proceedings. Our North West divorce solicitors provide specialist advice on the treatment of loans in divorce and financial proceedings. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your divorce and financial settlement. What is a family loan in divorce financial proceedings? A family loan is typically an informal loan between a family member and one of the divorcing spouses. It could be verbal or written, but if it is written, it could have been prepared without the benefit of legal advice, and the terms of the agreement may not be clearly defined. Often, the spouse who received money from their side of the family will say it was a loan, while the other spouse will say it was a gift. If agreement cannot be reached on whether the money received was a loan or a gift, the family court can be asked to decide the issue in financial proceedings brought by either the husband or the wife. The person who lent the money can also apply to intervene in the financial proceedings so they can make their case and have legal representation. If the court says the money is a hard loan, it will affect the asset pot available to be distributed between the husband and wife. The size of a loan and its classification could substantially impact the financial court order. In this sequence, the court must decide: Was the family money a gift or a loan? If it was a loan, was it a hard loan or a soft loan? In light of the court's finding on the loan status, what is the extent of the family assets available for distribution by the judge? What is a fair financial settlement for the husband and wife? Family loans and reaching a financial settlement in mediation If you are trying to reach a financial agreement in mediation, you may need specialist legal advice on complex points, such as: Whether the court would be likely to say a loan was hard or soft, and the impact on the financial settlement. The value of complicated assets, such as pensions or shares in a family business. The relevance of specific factors, such as pre-marriage owned property, gifts or inheritances. Family law solicitors can advise you on specific queries to help you reach an agreement in mediation and can provide mediation support to help you convert your mediated agreement into a binding financial court order. Family loans in financial proceedings In divorce financial proceedings, there can be disputes about: Whether money from friends or family members was a gift or a loan. Whether the gift was to the husband or wife or the couple jointly. If the money was a loan, the repayment terms. If the money was a loan, whether the debt should be included as a debt in the asset schedule. If the money has been repaid to the extended family member because of the divorce, whether the funds transferred to the relative should be added back into the asset schedule. Whether the extended family member should intervene in the financial court proceedings. Things can get very acrimonious when family money is in issue, with one party saying the money was a gift and the other a loan. Treatment of family loans in divorce and financial proceedings The case of P v Q (Financial Remedies) [2022] EWFC B9 (10 February 2022) clarified how the court should treat family loans in financial proceedings after a divorce. The case emphasises the importance of extended family members taking legal advice before making a payment to a married family member to ensure it is clear if the money is a loan, a joint gift, or a gift to one spouse, with the money ring-fenced in the case of separation or divorce. The case of P v Q (Financial Remedies) [2022] EWFC B9 The case of P v Q involved an international family based in the UK and Germany. The wife was German, living in England, and the husband was English, living in Germany with the couple’s two children. The case had many unusual points, including the value and liquidity of company shares, as the case was heard when Russian forces were massing at the Ukraine border and there were expectations of share price volatility. Divorce and financial proceedings were started in the UK. The wife said the husband had given his mother £150,000 to reduce the family assets and to reduce the amount the husband would be ordered to pay her as a financial settlement. The husband said he had repaid his mother the £150,000 loan, and the money should not be added to the asset schedule. The husband’s mother had given each of her three children £150,000 to help them with housing. No loan documentation was drawn up, and there was no evidence that the mother had gifted the money as part of an estate planning strategy. No demand was ever made for repayment of the £150,000, and there was no discussion about the circumstances when repayment was required. In evidence, the mother said she hoped the family would repay the money to her if she needed it. The husband repaid the £150,000 to his mother without his mother asking her son for the money. The wife argued the transfer was a device to remove £150,000 from the asset schedule, so she lost £75,000, using the sharing principle of a 50:50 split if £150,000 was added back into the asset schedule. The judge had to consider whether the £150,000 (and other family monies) were gifts or loans. The judge held that for money to amount to a gift, there must be an intention to give away with no expectation of repayment. Accordingly, the judge held that the £150,000 payment was a loan. The arguments didn’t stop there. Using case law, the judge had to consider whether the loan was a hard or soft loan to determine whether the £150,000 should be added back into the asset schedule. The judge concluded the loan was a soft loan. This meant the loan monies were added back into the asset schedule, thus increasing the amount to be shared between the husband and wife by £150,000 and increasing the size of the wife’s award. [related_posts] The law and the treatment of family loans in financial proceedings The judge in the case of P v Q said he had to consider the factors set out in Section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973, together with any relevant case law, to decide: How to treat the loan and How to split the assets. Section 25 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 broadly says it is the duty of the court when making a financial court order to have regard to all the circumstances of the case, first consideration being given to the welfare while a minor of any child of the family who has not attained the age of eighteen. Amongst other things, and of relevance to family money and loans, the court should pay particular regard to: The income, earning capacity, property and other financial resources which each of the parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future, including in the case of earning capacity any increase in that capacity which it would in the opinion of the court be reasonable to expect a party to the marriage to take steps to acquire, and The financial needs, obligations, and responsibilities that each of the parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future. Is a family loan a soft loan? A loan can be classed as hard or soft. The definition is important because a soft loan will not carry as much weight in divorce financial proceedings as a hard loan. A hard loan is more like a commercial or contractual agreement, while a soft loan is an arrangement between family members without too much formality. In P v Q, the judge said that when looking at the treatment of loans in financial proceedings, the court needs to consider: If there is a contractually binding obligation by a party to the marriage towards a third party, the court should consider whether the obligation is a hard obligation debt or a soft debt. There is no set test to decide if a loan amounts to a hard or soft debt. A common feature of family loan analysis in financial proceedings is determining whether the obligation to repay will be enforced. The court should consider common factors that point toward a hard or soft loan. Evidence that a loan is a hard loan in financial proceedings Factors that point to a loan being classed by a judge as a hard loan include: The terms of the obligation feel like a normal commercial arrangement. There is a written loan agreement and a written demand for payment. There is a threat of litigation or intervention in the financial settlement proceedings. There was no delay in enforcing the debt. The amount of money owed is such that it would be less likely for a creditor to waive the obligation to pay. Evidence that a loan is a soft loan in financial proceedings Factors that point to a loan being classed by a judge as a soft loan include: The debt is owed to a friend or family member who remains on good terms. The loan is informal without a commercial arrangement feel to the loan. There has been no written demand for payment despite the loan repayment date having passed. There has been a delay in enforcing repayment. The amount of the money is such that it would be more likely for the creditor to be likely to waive the obligation to repay. Divorce and private client considerations when making or receiving family loans If you are thinking about making a gift or loan to a family member, it is sensible to take private client advice to: Understand estate planning and ensure your gift is tax-efficient for inheritance tax purposes, and Ring-fenced and protected in case the family member gets divorced. This can be achieved through a formal loan document, preferably combined with a prenuptial agreement or postnuptial agreement. Specialist divorce and financial advice on the treatment of loans in divorce proceedings Our expert divorce solicitors can help you if you are: Disputing a payment made by a family member was a loan and not a gift. Arguing that the money given by your family to you individually or as a couple was a loan. The loan maker who needs advice on intervening in the financial proceedings to protect your loan and financial interests. Our divorce lawyers will: Give an unbiased view of whether the court will likely say the money is a gift or a loan. Whilst you may not like the opinion about the treatment of the family money, you don’t want to waste time or money on an argument that you are not likely to win. Look at the additional legal costs of arguing whether the family money was a gift or loan, as you don’t want to spend more on legal costs arguing the point if the costs will be more than the amount to be gained in your likely financial award. Our family law solicitors can also help prepare prenuptial and postnuptial agreements, and our private client lawyers can advise on estate planning, gifting, and family loans. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your divorce and financial settlement.

You need specialist legal advice from a divorce solicitor if you suspect your spouse has or will hide assets from you to reduce your financial settlement after a separation or divorce. Our North West divorce lawyers answer your questions on how they find hidden assets in financial negotiations and court proceedings. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your financial settlement. Why do spouses hide assets in divorce proceedings? Concerns about ex-spouses hiding money or property from their partner in financial negotiations and proceedings are common. The newspapers are full of stories about international or multi-millionaire families involved in financial proceedings, with accusations that a husband or wife has hidden assets. However, assets can be hidden when the wealth isn't vast. In some ways, that is more understandable; a husband trying to safeguard an inheritance received from parents or a wife trying to retain the money she set aside from years of savings. Our experienced divorce solicitors say that, in their view, the top five reasons spouses don’t comply with financial disclosure and hide assets in financial negotiations and court proceedings are: Sense of entitlement to the asset. Fear that the financial settlement will leave them with reduced wealth. Belief that they won't be found out. View that everyone does it. Revenge. Is hiding assets in financial negotiations ever justified? Attempting to hide assets in divorce negotiations or court proceedings is never a good idea. Some spouses don’t reveal assets because they are hurt. Perhaps their spouse has met a new partner or, in their view, their spouse has behaved unreasonably, causing the marriage breakdown. A finance lawyer can advise you on whether you can raise the issue of your spouse’s conduct in financial proceedings. However, revenge is never a reason to hide assets. Entitlement is a common reason for non-disclosure. A view that a spouse is entitled to an asset and it therefore does not need to be disclosed, can arise because of: Inherited assets. Pre-marriage purchased assets. Assets held in discretionary trusts. Being the sole or primary earner during the relationship. Gifted monies through parental or family inheritance tax planning strategies. Whatever the reason behind the sense of entitlement to the asset, it should be disclosed to the other spouse and the court. The correct procedure to follow is to: Provide full financial disclosure. Argue that specific assets, such as an inheritance, gifted monies or pre-marriage acquired assets, should be classed as non-matrimonial property and should not be shared with their spouse. Put the case that the spouse’s needs can adequately be met by receiving a fair share of the available family or matrimonial assets without recourse to the ringfenced asset. Divorce lawyers can advise on whether an asset will likely be classed as a family asset and the relevance of needs arguments to your financial settlement. You will need bespoke advice because the court’s approach will depend on several factors, such as: If the asset was shared during the marriage. The extent of the agreed-upon family assets. The standard of living enjoyed during the marriage. Ten common ways spouses hide assets in financial negotiations: Opening another bank account in their sole name. Taking out cash from their sole account or your joint account. Transferring assets or property to family or friends. Syphoning money from a family business and putting it into a hidden account. Transferring money overseas or buying liquid assets knowing they will be difficult to trace. Investing in Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies and digital assets. Underreporting their income, such as deferring large commission payments. Not disclosing employment share incentive schemes, such as EMIs. Using shell companies and trusts to hide assets. Buying property or assets in their new partner’s name and having a secret beneficial interest in the property. [related_posts] Red flags that your spouse is hiding assets from you Here are some red flags or pointers that your ex-spouse may be hiding assets from you: Change in spending patterns and behaviour, such as frequent large cash withdrawals. Sudden improvement in a relative’s or new partner’s wealth, such as purchasing a property. Rapid deterioration in a spouse’s financial position after the decision to separate, or after you think they have decided the marriage is at an end. Previous history of non-disclosure. For example, in their first marriage or with a business partner. The disclosed assets do not correlate with your family lifestyle. Financial disclosure and hiding assets in financial court proceedings In financial court proceedings, a husband and wife must give each other full and frank financial disclosure. That does not always happen. Additional enquiries, such as questionnaires and single joint expert and shadow expert reports, can be commissioned to trace assets. Sometimes a finance solicitor can spot that a spouse is trying to hide money, property or income through: Transferring money from a bank account as cash and saying that the cash has been spent, but opening a secret bank account with the money. Producing incomplete internet transaction histories for bank accounts to avoid revealing entries. Saying that money taken out of a savings account was to repay family debt, but the debt was artificial, with the plan being for the alleged debt to be repaid after the financial proceedings are finalised. Pretending that they do not own a new property. A simple search of the Land Registry can reveal the truth about property ownership. Not disclosing the existence of family trusts or inheritances. These are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to hiding assets in divorce proceedings. How do divorce solicitors find hidden assets? Specialist divorce solicitors employ a variety of tactics to find hidden assets, including: Starting a financial application so that the court orders financial disclosure. Carefully reviewing Form E financial disclosure. Enforcing orders for Form E financial disclosure. Conducting searches with the Land Registry and Companies House to verify property ownership and company information. Filing questionnaires to ask for additional financial disclosure. Applying for Section 37 injunction orders to stop a spouse from transferring or selling assets or property to friends or family. Where relevant, joining parties to court proceedings, such as trustees of a discretionary trust, a corporate entity, or a family member who says they are entitled to a significant percentage of the equity in the family home. Employing asset tracers and forensic accountants to trace assets and wealth. Asking the court for permission to instruct an expert to analyse specific issues, for example, movements on a director's loan account. Liaising with experts overseas to trace international assets. These are just some methods family lawyers use to find hidden assets. At Evolve Family Law, we always discuss the best asset tracing options relevant to your family circumstances. Should assets be traced in financial proceedings? A specialist divorce solicitor will consider with you: The cost of tracing hidden assets. The benefits to be gained. Alternatives to asset tracing. For example: If you can prove your spouse is worth at least 12 million and you are only seeking 5 million to give you a very comfortable lifestyle, is the extra cost justified in proving that your ex-spouse has an additional 1 million in assets? Asking the court to infer that your ex-spouse has additional wealth because their disclosed assets do not support their provable expenditure and lifestyle. If you were married for 12 months and signed a prenuptial agreement after taking legal advice. None of these examples means you should not trace hidden assets, but they do demonstrate the need to discuss the cost-benefit ratio. There is no point in running up a big solicitor’s bill or instructing a forensic accountant to pore over company accounts unless the extra work and costs are likely to produce more by way of financial settlement than the additional expenses incurred. That is because you cannot guarantee that a court will order a spouse to pay your costs in tracing assets. It is a pointless victory if extra legal costs swallow up the larger financial settlement because the court either does not make a cost order in your favour, or the order does not cover the full extent of your asset tracing costs. How Evolve Family Law can help you achieve a fair financial settlement It is not surprising that there are allegations of hidden assets in divorce proceedings. After all, divorce proceedings often start because of a lack of trust in a relationship. A spouse's affair can cause a husband or wife to lose emotional and financial faith in their partner. When a separation is imminent or divorce proceedings are started, past actions and financial behaviours can take on a new significance. At Evolve Family Law, our divorce lawyers work with you to help you achieve a fair financial settlement. That involves tracing all assets after assessing the cost-effectiveness of doing so. We work with you because spouses know their spouses' behaviour best, and you will potentially have lots of invaluable information to help us ensure you receive the financial settlement you deserve. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your financial settlement.

Failure to disclose financial information in divorce financial proceedings carries consequences. In this article, our North West specialist divorce solicitors explain what dishonest financial disclosure is and what you can do about it. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your financial settlement. Dishonest financial disclosure in divorce proceedings Sometimes, when a divorce financial settlement solicitor explains the duty on both spouses to provide full and frank financial disclosure, they are greeted with laughter. Some divorcing spouses know their partners and realise that honesty and fairness are not part of their vocabulary. If you suspect your spouse will be dishonest, it's best to be upfront about it. That’s because dishonesty suspicions will affect your family lawyer's approach on how best to reach a financial settlement and the type of financial court order they negotiate or ask the court to make. Not everyone is dishonest Most divorcing couples know all about each other’s income, savings, and property. If you are in that position, there is no need to authorise extra costs being spent, as your divorce solicitors will not find assets that don’t exist. Instead, the focus should be negotiating a financial court order that meets your needs and minimises legal costs. Dishonest spouses A husband or wife can be dishonest about some aspects of their lives but not others. You are probably the best person to know if your husband or wife hasn’t been honest about relationships, but is likely to have been upfront about money matters. Alternatively, you may suspect that your spouse has been planning to leave you for a while and is managing their financial affairs, so you won’t get the financial settlement you are entitled to. If you think your husband or wife won’t provide full and frank financial disclosure, then discussing this with your finance solicitor is best. They will then decide what additional information should be requested and what follow-up questions may need to be asked. If you have a strong suspicion of dishonesty but no concrete proof or ‘smoking gun,’ then don’t worry. Divorce lawyers are experienced in ensuring all assets are disclosed and accurately valued before reaching a financial settlement or before the final hearing of a financial settlement application. Types of dishonesty in financial proceedings Dishonesty comes in different forms: Not disclosing assets or property. Not revealing material information. Not providing an accurate valuation. Here are some examples of dishonesty in financial settlement negotiations and court proceedings: Not disclosing a property purchased after separation in the Form E, as the spouse did not consider it relevant. Mentioning the ownership of 1,000 shares in a listed company but failing to mention their other 10,000 shares. They did not explain that they had received an offer on the business or other assets. Not providing information about a bank account or legacy received but kept separate from a spouse. A spouse must provide full financial disclosure. In financial proceedings, the divorce lawyers and the court then determine the relevance of the asset and its value. For example, the court may conclude that an asset purchased after the separation or a legacy received after the divorce is not a family asset. However, full financial disclosure is a requirement because, in some cases, the court will either conclude that an asset is matrimonial property that should be shared or decide that, although it is non-matrimonial property, it should still be shared because of a spouse’s needs. [related_posts] Why do you think your spouse is dishonest? Sometimes you know your spouse will be dishonest in financial disclosure, as they haven’t been honest in financial dealings with third parties over your marriage, and you think dishonesty is just part of their genetic make-up. In other situations, you may have been warned about the dishonesty by your spouse’s business partner or a family friend. It is essential to understand why you think your husband or wife is being financially dishonest as you don’t want divorce financial settlement solicitors to explore and analyse your spouse’s bank statements or business accounts or ask additional questions about their financial affairs if your views on their honesty is being clouded by your upset about your spouse walking out of the marriage or any of the many other things that a husband or wife can do to aggravate an already difficult and emotional time. Tackling dishonest financial disclosure When you split up, you are entitled to a fair financial settlement. What’s ‘fair’ depends on your personal and financial circumstances. However, you can’t reach a financial settlement unless you know the full extent of the family and non-family assets in your joint and sole names. If your spouse won’t voluntarily give full and frank financial disclosure, you must start financial proceedings. During the financial case, your husband or wife will need to give honest and full information when: Completing the standard Form E financial disclosure document and providing supporting paperwork. Answering questionnaires about their finances and disclosing additional documents as ordered by the court. Speaking to a single joint expert, such as a forensic accountant appointed by the court to value the family business. Giving evidence at the financial court hearing. Remedies if a spouse doesn’t comply with disclosure orders during financial court proceedings If your husband or wife does not comply with financial disclosure orders during financial court proceedings, you can ask the court to: Enforce the disclosure order. Draw inferences because of a failure to comply with the disclosure order or incomplete provision of information. Structure the award to account for the spouse’s conduct during the financial proceedings. Make a cost order. An example of drawing inferences is where financial disclosure reveals drawings from the business of £80,000 gross per year, but documented expenditure on mortgages, cars, and holidays shows outgoings of at least £110,000 per annum. If there is no corresponding debt or use of savings to meet the income shortfall or other reasonable explanation, other than cash syphoning, your finance lawyer could ask the court to draw inferences that your spouse is being dishonest about their income level from their business and its profitability. Discovering dishonest financial disclosure after a financial court order Sometimes, you don’t know that the person you loved and trusted has been dishonest with their financial disclosure until after you have agreed on a financial consent order or the court has made an order after contested court proceedings. Even if you discover dishonest behaviour after the event, it may not be too late to act. Divorce solicitors issue a warning, though – it is easier and cheaper to show dishonesty before a financial order is made, as there are no guarantees that you can reopen a financial court order. If you can show there was dishonest financial disclosure, the court has the power to set aside the financial court order it made. Leading court cases on fraud and dishonesty in financial proceedings Divorce solicitors emphasise the importance of full and frank financial disclosure citing the Supreme Court cases of two ex-wives, Mrs Sharland and Mrs Gohil, who took their cases to the Supreme Court to try to win justice on the basis that their former husbands had deliberately misled them and the court about the true extent of their wealth. In Sharland v Sharland [2015] UKSC 60 (14 October 2015), Mrs Sharland and her husband had agreed on a financial settlement. Their divorce lawyers drafted a court order that the judge approved. After the order was approved, Mrs Sharland read in the financial press that her husband’s shareholding in his IT company was worth more than he told the court. In Gohil v Gohil [2015] UKSC 61 (14 October 2015), Mrs Gohil agreed to her divorce financial settlement based on information her husband disclosed: a modest income and no assets. However, Mrs Gohil started a battle to overturn the divorce settlement after it became apparent to her that her husband's disclosed assets and income could not support his lifestyle. The husband was later convicted of fraud and money laundering. The evidence in criminal proceedings enabled Mrs Gohil to pursue her claim. In the cases of Mrs Sharland and Mrs Gohil, the Supreme Court ruled that if a husband or a wife in divorce proceedings intentionally keeps financial information from the court, then the court will presume that a different financial order would have been made if the hidden evidence had been made available at the time. Deliberately misleading the court can, therefore, invalidate a financial settlement. That means the financial court order can be changed. Accordingly, being dishonest means uncertainty and extra costs for the dishonest spouse, plus the real possibility of the court making a more generous financial settlement to their spouse. The penalties for dishonesty in financial proceedings The 2025 court case of VTY v GDB [2025] EWFC 110 (B) (24 April 2025) highlights the penalties of failing to provide full financial disclosure in court proceedings. The judge tasked with deciding how the couple’s assets should be split said ‘’On occasions too frequent for the court to do justice to here, the husband has been demonstrated not to be telling the truth. The husband, bluntly, cannot be believed. His disclosure and litigation conduct has been appalling and has been designed to confuse and obfuscate. He is thoroughly and determinedly dishonest.’’ Financial disclosure was described as woeful and messy. The wife was awarded around 1.2 million in assets, and the husband, around £483,000. The judge said he was giving the wife a greater share of the assets rather than ordering the husband to pay the wife spousal maintenance because of the husband’s behaviour. The husband was also ordered to pay over £54,000 in costs to the wife. Suspicions of dishonesty and financial disclosure If you are suspicious about financial disclosure and believe your husband or wife is dishonest, don’t negotiate a financial settlement thinking that you can change it later—you may not be able to do so, or the costs and timescales may be a deterrent. If you are concerned that the figures don’t add up or your spouse is doing some of the classic concerning actions (such as transferring assets to friends or family or closing bank accounts or telling you that the family business is at risk of going under but the order book seems as strong as ever) then speak to an expert divorce solicitor so you can understand your options and achieve a fair financial settlement. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on your financial settlement.

You may have heard about a government voucher scheme to cover the cost of family mediation. In this article, we delve into the voucher scheme and answer your frequently asked questions about who pays for family mediation. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on how to resolve your family law disagreement effectively. What are mediation costs? Family mediation costs can be broken down into: The cost of the Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting. The cost of each mediation session. Any supplemental costs. The Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) is an intake meeting where the mediator explains how mediation works and assesses whether mediation is a suitable alternative dispute resolution option for you. It may not be suitable if you have been subjected to domestic abuse and safety measures aren’t deemed to be sufficient to protect you or if you fear that your former spouse will take the children overseas without your agreement unless you get the protection of a prohibited steps order. If the mediator believes you are both capable of engaging in mediation, some mediation sessions will be scheduled. Typically, each session lasts no more than 90 minutes. The number of sessions needed will depend on the complexity of the issues or your finances. The supplemental costs of mediation can range from the expenses of jointly instructing a forensic accountant to value a family business or a pension actuary to value a pension to the mediator's fees for drafting a memorandum of understanding after a successful mediation. Who pays for privately funded family mediation? Usually, a couple will share the cost of mediation. This could be achieved by having each party pay 50% of the cost of each session or by paying for mediation out of their joint savings. Each party will be responsible for paying their family lawyer, who will provide legal support during mediation. There are no hard and fast rules about who pays for privately funded family mediation. If one spouse has a reduced income or is reliant on spousal maintenance and child support, the financially stronger party may be responsible for covering all the costs of mediation. Mediators are independent of the parties and of the solicitors who refer divorcing couples to them. The outcome of the mediation sessions will, therefore, not be affected by your decision on who pays for the sessions. [related_posts] What is the Family Mediation Voucher Scheme? The Family Mediation Voucher Scheme is a government-led, time-limited mediation payment scheme designed to encourage separating couples to resolve family law disputes through family mediation. If you are eligible for the scheme, your mediator will receive a voucher worth up to £500 to cover all or part of the mediation costs. The voucher cannot be used to pay for the MIAM; it can only be used to cover the costs of mediation sessions. The £500 covers both of you. You cannot each claim a separate voucher or ask for vouchers to cover separate children and financial mediation sessions. Whether the £500 voucher covers all the mediation costs depends on the number of sessions held, but it is intended to be a contribution rather than a full payment. If a surplus remains, the money cannot be used to cover legal fees that support you during mediation or to pay your divorce solicitor to obtain a no-fault divorce. For further details on the government scheme, please visit this link. The main eligibility criteria for the voucher are that you must be mediating about: A dispute regarding a child. A family financial dispute in which you are also involved in a dispute related to a child. For example, you need to reach an agreement on whether the children live with you, the contact arrangements with the non-residential parent and the divorce financial settlement. The financial settlement may encompass child support, spousal maintenance, lump sum payment, the sale of the family home, the transfer of property or the making of pension sharing orders. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on how to resolve your family law disagreement effectively. Frequently Asked Questions on Family Mediation  What does family mediation do? Family mediation is designed to help you reach an agreement with your estranged or former spouse or partner over a family law-related dispute. A qualified mediator conducts the mediation. They facilitate discussion to help reach an agreement. If an agreement is reached, the mediator will draw up a memorandum of understanding. In some cases, this memorandum is then converted into a binding court order. If agreement cannot be reached, the parties have the option of using a different type of alternative dispute resolution method to help them reach an agreement or to make an application to court. What family law disputes can mediation resolve? Mediation can be used to resolve disputes on the following: The living and contact arrangements for children post separation Whether a parent should be allowed to take a child overseas to live New living or contact arrangements for children Whether a child should be introduced to a new partner of mum or dad Financial settlements after a divorce Property settlements after a cohabiting relationship has broken down Mediation isn't confined to resolving disputes between warring parents. It can be used to resolve: Grandparent contact. Step-parent contact. Inheritance disputes where claims are made that a Will or the intestacy rules don’t make reasonable financial provision for the claimant. How does family mediation work? Family mediation works in a five-stage process: Referral to mediation. Mediation Information and Assessment Meeting (MIAM) with each party. The mediator conducts a screening process to determine if both parties are suitable for mediation. Mediation sessions start and continue at the couple’s pace. If an agreement is reached, the mediator draws up a memorandum of understanding. There are several types of mediation and various kinds of mediators. That’s why it can be helpful to speak with a family lawyer and to discuss the options during the MIAM. For example, you may prefer shuttle mediation because of previous incidents of domestic abuse, or you may want to include older children in the process with a child-inclusive mediator. Many couples choose to seek independent legal advice before embarking on mediation and in between mediation sessions. This is because the mediator’s job isn’t to advise on family law but to facilitate an agreement. A family law solicitor can provide legal mediation support.  What is legal support in mediation?   Legal support in mediation is broad-ranging and tailored to your needs. It can include: Initial separation advice and answers to questions such as ‘can I change the locks?’ Advice on the range of alternative dispute resolution non-court options, such as arbitration. Expert advice on the range of orders the court has the power to make and the likely range of orders in your situation. Guidance on financial disclosure in the mediation process. Advice on the need for expert instruction during mediation, such as the instruction of a pension actuary. Advice on proposed settlement options discussed in mediation. Help with converting your mediated agreement into a court order. Assistance with sorting out all the legal aspects of your separation, such as applying for a no-fault divorce, drafting a new Will, or preparing a Lasting Power of Attorney. Assisting with the implementation of your financial court order, including legal work, such as transferring the family home from joint names to a single name. Advice on enforcing the agreement or court order. Taking advice from a family law solicitor before and during the mediation process can help you reach a mutually beneficial agreement, as your family lawyer provides you with the knowledge and confidence to negotiate a settlement that meets your needs and those of your children. Contact our specialist family lawyers for a consultation on how to resolve your family law disagreement effectively. Evolve Family Law has offices in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, and Whitefield, North Manchester. We also offer remote meetings via telephone appointments or video calls.